The Kingdom of Bahrain the Sultanate of Oman signed a memorandum of understanding on environmental protection and nature conservation for the years 2013 till 2015, in preparation of developing joint projects in this fields and finding formulas for funding such projects. The memorandum of understanding was co-signed by the CEO of Bahrain's Supreme Council for Environment Dr. Adel Khalifa Al-Zayani and the Undersecretary of Oman's Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs Mohammed bin Khamis Al-Oraimi. The memorandum of understanding stipulated that the two parties exchange experiences and information in the areas of strengthening technical cooperation to combat marine pollutants, in addition to the exchange of expertise and information in the field of coastal zone management. The memorandum of understanding also stipulated the conservation of environment and climate affairs, proposing new mechanisms in the areas of inspection and environmental assessment, studying of environmental impacts, and exchange of training participations for specialists in all environmental areas. The memorandum of understanding also stipulated exchanging legislation, environmental laws, mechanisms of implementation of regional and international environmental conventions, exchanging experiences in the areas of sustainability of natural resources, biodiversity and wildlife. The memorandum of understanding stipulated combating desertification and management of natural reserves, the techniques for monitoring climate changes, encouraging renewable energy sources. It also called for the exchange of information and data in the field of environmental indicators, cooperation in chemicals management, safety procedures and exchange of expertise in environmental emergencies and crises.