RIYADH — The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia traces its history back three centuries, rooted in a rich heritage and deep-seated traditions. Under the leadership of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the Kingdom continues to build on the legacy established by the imams of the First Saudi State. The ruling Al Saud family's lineage can be traced back to the founder of the First Saudi State, Imam Mohammed bin Saud, who established the state in 1139 AH, corresponding to 1727 AD. The people of Saudi Arabia today are descendants of those who played a pivotal role in shaping the First Saudi State, transforming the region's political landscape and laying the foundation for a prosperous nation. The annual celebration of Saudi Founding Day on February 22 serves as a reminder of the nation's deep historical roots and the resilience of its governance structure. The Kingdom was established on the principles of Islam, wise leadership, sustainable development, and strategic positioning on the global stage. This journey of growth and prosperity has been reinforced in the reign of King Salman bin Abdulaziz. Recognizing this enduring legacy, a royal decree issued on January 27, 2022, declared February 22 as a day to commemorate the founding of the Saudi State, reinforcing national pride and the historical continuity of Saudi leadership. The story of Saudi Arabia begins long before its modern establishment. In 430 AD, the Banu Hanifa tribe migrated from Hejaz to settle along Wadi Hanifa, founding Hajr, which later became modern-day Riyadh. Over time, the city evolved into a prominent trade and political center and was once ruled by King Thumama bin Athal. However, central Arabian Peninsula later experienced instability until 1446 AD, when Emir Mani' bin Rabi'a Al-Muraydi, the 12th great-grandfather of King Abdulaziz, founded Diriyah, which later emerged as a cultural and commercial hub. Its strategic location along key trade routes fueled economic prosperity and laid the groundwork for unification efforts. Born in 1679 AD, Imam Mohammed bin Saud grew up in Diriyah, where he gained invaluable experience under his father's rule. By 1727 AD, he had established the First Saudi State, with Diriyah as its capital, applying a unique city-state model that strengthened political unity. Diriyah's geographic advantage along major trade routes made it a vital economic and cultural center. Recognizing the region's fragmented state, Imam Mohammed bin Saud implemented policies focused on unity, education, security, and economic stability. His leadership brought unprecedented cohesion to central Arabia Peninsula, fostering stability that had been absent for centuries. One of his key achievements was uniting the divided districts of Diriyah, centralizing governance, and organizing the state's resources effectively. He also initiated major urban expansion, relocating his administration to the newly built Turaif neighborhood. Under his reign, the First Saudi State experienced sustained economic growth, political independence, and regional influence, ensuring safe trade routes and promoting knowledge exchange. Diriyah soon became a beacon of scholarship, attracting scholars who contributed to the intellectual and cultural renaissance of the time. The Saudi State continued to evolve through three key phases. The First Saudi State, founded by Imam Mohammed bin Saud in 1727, laid the groundwork for the unification of the Arabian Peninsula. The Second Saudi State was reestablished in 1824 by Imam Turki bin Abdullah after the fall of the first. The modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1902 by King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud, culminating in the unification of the Arabian Peninsula in 1932. Since then, successive Saudi leaders have carried forward the vision of unity and development. Under King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia is witnessing a new era of economic transformation, innovation, and global influence under Vision 2030. Throughout history, Saudi Arabia has played a crucial geopolitical role, leveraging its strategic location and leadership to maintain regional stability. The Kingdom's deep-rooted ties with GCC nations and its steadfast commitment to economic and political collaboration have reinforced its influence in the Middle East. The bonds between Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Cooperation Council have strengthened over the centuries, driven by shared heritage, common interests, and regional cooperation. Today, these relationships continue to shape the political and economic landscape of the region. From its establishment in 1727 to its modern-day transformation, Saudi Arabia continues to build on its legacy of strength, stability, and global influence.
