Uncertainty about how far world fuel demand and oil prices will fall has made it harder than ever for OPEC members to agree on how to balance group output policy against the divergent needs of their individual budgets. Oil's collapse from almost $150 a barrel last July cut OPEC earnings by $356 billion in six months and they could drop by a further 50 percent this year, the group's Secretary-General Abdullah Al-Badri said. But in 2008, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries made about $1 trillion, some of which it squirreled away for leaner times. With oil around $40, member countries can still turn a profit, especially as output costs have dropped. “They're all laughing now in terms of operating costs,” said Mike Wittner of Societe Generale. “But this isn't about operating costs. It's about funding the budget of the country.” In a swift and collective supply response to oil's rapid descent, OPEC has already agreed to remove 4.2 million barrels per day (bpd) to try to build a floor under prices. To redress the fiscal balance, many members, such as Kuwait, Nigeria, Angola, Ecuador and some say Iran, have also cut their domestic spending in lock step with production. Official figures are unavailable, but the various OPEC members have widely divergent requirements, with Qatar needing as little as $10 a barrel and Venezuela requiring 10 times as much, analysts have estimated. In terms of the narrow economics of getting their oil out of the ground, it costs less than $10 a barrel to pump in the Middle East and at least double that elsewhere. In addition to spending billions on oil and gas projects, some OPEC members, especially those with big populations, have to contend with high social costs and ambitious public projects. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez's lavish public spending plans require oil prices of around $100 and Iran needs roughly $90, in part because of its presidential election this year. “For Iran and Venezuela, their main recourse is to draw down their accumulated reserves, but these are not as plentiful as in Gulf Cooperation Countries,” said David Kirsch of PFC Energy. Even within the Arab Gulf states, Kuwait, which has a tiny population, revised its budget to include lower welfare and infrastructure investment. Saudi projects at stake? Leading exporter Saudi Arabia has pledged to build “economic cities”, costing billions of dollars, designed to tackle chronic unemployment and over-reliance on oil. Analysts say it needs a price of about $50 to avoid deepening its foreign debt. The Kingdom has projected a deficit – its first in seven years – of $17.3 billion (65 billion riyals) in 2009. Saudi Arabia has led the cuts, reducing its own output by 2 million bpd from a peak of an estimated 9.7 million bpd last August. Its production has fallen well below its OPEC target, giving support to the oil market, but doing little to reduce its debt. John Sfakianakis at HSBC's Saudi unit SABB bank said Saudi Arabia would still be in deficit if it pumped 7.7 million bpd all year and oil averaged around $45 – above current levels. Other OPEC members, either because they do not have pressing financial requirements or because they think it would be better to pump as much as possible to maximize revenue, are happy to let Saudi Arabia do the work. “OPEC still needs to cut another million, but naturally they would all feel better if they leave the heavy lifting to Saudi Arabia,” said a Saudi insider, who requested anonymity. OPEC's smallest producer, Ecuador, has said there would be no benefit in further cuts when the group meets in Vienna on March 15. Algeria has also downplayed the need for action. Bucking a global trend for cost-cutting, the north African producer has said it would increase spending and some analysts have said it could break even with oil below $20. Individual members' budgets had much less influence over collective supply policy during the six years when the oil price boomed, as all enjoyed surpluses. Setting aside now pressing price needs, OPEC has in the past found it harder to maintain output discipline as production curbs have deepened. There are “growing signs of cutting fatigue,” said Antoine Halff of Newedge brokerage. OPEC economists have been relatively conservative in revising oil demand forecasts downwards, which “could provide the rationale for resisting further output cuts even in the event of renewed price drops,” Halff said. While Saudi Arabia faces a struggle to enlist help from within the producer group, OPEC members have said other producers should join in, especially the biggest non-OPEC exporter, Russia, which has also revised its budget. In its quest for higher oil prices, the oil and gas giant has made overtures to OPEC but stopped well short of membership – and of any voluntary output cuts. Instead, lower prices and consequent lower spending have effectively cut production, which could drive prices higher. “Most of them (Russian oil companies) still hope the oil price will magically go right back up,” said Chirvani Abdoullaev, analyst at Alfa Bank. “Drilling volumes in Russia will probably decline by 20 to 25 percent this year.”
