Egyptian women carry a picture of late Egyptian singer Umm Kalthoum during a protest supporting women's rights in the constitution and protesting against harassment against women and child marriage, in front of the presidential palace in Cairo. — Reuters CAIRO – Inas Mekkawie is angry, apprehensive, indeed almost scared. As the founder of the nearly one-year-old women's rights organization Bahiya ya Masr, she feels that, in the grand scheme of Egyptian politics, women are being reduced to sex objects, reported Ahram Online Friday. She is concerned that rights won with difficulty over decades will be revoked while society is busy with other matters: “Some,” she says, “legitimate and pressing; others of limited if any significance”. The attack on women's rights, she feels, predates the rise to power of the Muslim Brotherhood and the election of President Mohamed Morsi. It started in the early days of the transitional period when SCAF (Supreme Council of the Armed Forces) took over running the country after Hosni Mubarak was forced to step down. “Today”, argues Mekkawie, “the attack takes on a ferocious tone with the attempt to include in the constitution language that can have dire implications for women's rights.” On Tuesday, at 6 P.M., Mekkawie along with other activists went for a short sit-in outside parliament where the constitutional assembly was convened. The sit-in was specifically designed to protest the proposed drafts of Articles 36 and 29. Article 36, which comes under the chapter of Rights and Liberties, stipulates that the state is responsible for making necessary deliberations to secure equality between men and women; the added phrase is “so long as this does not contradict the rules of Islamic Shariah.” This is the only reference to “rules” as opposed to “principles” of Islamic Shariah, which are specifically referred to in the much talked about Article 2 of the constitution as “the main source of legislation.” Mekkawie is keen to affirm “full respect for the edicts of Islamic Shariah,” as the statement also indicates, but insists that this commitment, a largely consensual matter for most political parties and forces, should not be misused to allow the despicable calls that are made by some for the tolerance of child marriage – of girls as young as nine years old – or female genital mutilation (FGM) as part of Shariah. For Mekkawie, such practices go against Shariah and against international commitments of the Egyptian state. Mekkawie added that, given the fact that these “rules” – unlike “principles” – have been cumulatively collected over 15 centuries, it is clear that they are circumstantial. Egypt is bound by international commitments to fight for women's rights, prohibiting physical persecution on the basis of gender including FGM and child marriage. Some have suggested that the word “rules” in this Article specifically refers to inheritance rights (which give men twice more than women), others that it is designed to block the eventual legalization of gay marriage, others still that it underlines the man's responsibility to provide for his family – which is not the case, de facto, since 35 percent of Egyptian families are supported by female members. “In this case, these matters should be spelled out rather than alluded to in a confusing text that violates the constitutional principle of full equality among all citizens irrespective of gender, ethnic or religious affiliation. What we are seeing today is a serious setback on the march to securing women's basic rights in society,” Mekkawie lamented. No reference to “rules” was made in any constitution since the first in 1923; nor was there any in the 1971 constitution, which had been applied (with amendments) until its suspension following Mubarak's ouster. The call for equality and support for the political and developmental role of women are clearly stipulated in all these constitutions, but they were particularly stressed in the constitutions made under Gamal Abdel-Nasser, the leader of the 23 July Revolution. Indeed, according to a paper produced last month by the Feminist Organizations Coalition, with the exception of the Salafist Nour Party, the program of almost every political party, Islamist as well as otherwise, including that of the Freedom and Justice Party to which the president subscribes, includes a clear reference to the need for supporting women's equal rights in society. Mekkawie finds no satisfactory argument made in support of the proposed language of Article 29 of the constitution that “calls on the state to prohibit” rather than directly incriminating human-trafficking. During the last few years of Mubarak's rule, former first lady Suzanne Mubarak took it upon herself to promote the cause of stopping human-trafficking, even as endless “summer marriages” between older Arab holiday-makers and Egyptian girls as young as 14 years old continued. Even the harshest critics of the former first lady, who argue that she approached the topic without going deep enough into its substance, insist that it was still better to have the state opposed to human trafficking, child marriages and FGM. A national campaign launched for these three causes has been abruptly suspended. Instead, members of the FJP, including a woman adviser to the president, have been caught in controversies over press statements supporting FGM. An attempt to get rid of anti-FGM laws was conducted by some members of the dissolved parliament but eventually stopped thanks to Al-Azhar. “It was shocking to hear some calling for the elimination of this law but it was reassuring to have Al-Azhar step in with its moderate, tolerant and humanitarian interpretation,” Mekkawie says, “the one that Egypt had always embraced.” – Agencies
